ABSTRACT Leishmania infantum is a protozoan that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas and some regions of Europe. The disease is mainly characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and fever, and can be fatal. Factors related to the host and parasite can contribute to the transmission of Leishmania and the clinical outcome. The intraspecific genetic variability of L. infantum strains may be one of these factors. In this study, we evaluated the genetic variability of L. infantum obtained from bone marrow smear slides from patients in the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. For this, the minicircle of the kDNA hypervariable region was used as target by Sanger sequencing. By analyzing the similarity of the nucleotides and the maximum likelihood tree (Fasttree), we observed a high similarity (98%) among samples. Moreover, we identified four different profiles of L. infantum. In conclusion, L. infantum strains from Sao Paulo State, Brazil, showed low diversity measured by minicircle of the kDNA hypervariable region.

Abstract A 31-year-old male patient developed an ulcer on the glans penis that evolved for three months without healing. We diagnosed it as leishmaniasis using polymerase chain reaction. No immunosuppression or associated diseases were observed. The patient was treated with meglumine antimoniate that cured the lesion in a month post-treatment. Here, we report this case of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion at the unusual location of glans penis in an immunocompetent individual. The lesion likely developed due to the bite of a vector, highlighting the need for considering cutaneous leishmaniasis among differential diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in areas endemic for leishmaniasis.

Abstract Background: Three drugs - pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B and pentamidine - are currently used for leishmaniasis treatment. They are administered for long periods, only parenterally, and have high cardiac, renal and hepatic toxicities. Therefore, the investigation of new compounds is required. Nitro-heterocyclic derivatives have been used as possible drug candidates to treat diseases caused by trypanosomatids. Methods: Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (MHO/BR/73/M2269), maintained in the Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia - Instituto de Medicina Tropical- USP, were exposed to five nitroheterocyclic derivatives, with differences at phenyl-ring position 4: BSF-C4H9, BSF-H, BSF-NO2, BSF-CH3 and BSF-Cl, for 48 hours. After analyzing viability (MTT assay), we evaluated cellular-morphology activity of compounds by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and measurement of apoptosis (phosphatidylserine expression) by flow cytometry. Results: EC50 of amphotericin B and BSF-CH3 were 0.50 (M and 0.39 (M respective. Other nitro-heterocyclic compounds presented EC50 higher than amphotericin B. All compounds showed greater AV- and PI-positive expression than amphotericin B at 100 (M, except BSF-NO2. TEM showed complete nuclear disfigurement with 100 (M of BSF-NO2, 25 and 6.25 (M of BSF-H, and 6.25 (M BSF-Cl; presence of vesicles within the flagellar pocket with 25 (M BSF-H; alteration of the kinetoplast with 25 (M BSF-C4H9, 25 (M of BSF-H, 6.25 (M BSF-CH3 and 6.25 (M of BSF-Cl. Conclusions: Nitro-heterocyclic compounds have shown activity against promastigotes of L. amazonensis, at lower concentrations. However, improvement of compound scaffolds are needed to assist the elucidation of the mechanism of action and to achieve greater activity.

ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic condition that is frequent in patients living in tropical areas exposed to leishmaniasis. RA therapy involves immunosuppressant drugs such as methotrexate (MTX), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and prednisone. We report an unusual presentation of cutaneous (CL) or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) in RA patients from an endemic area of leishmaniasis. A 51-year-old woman noted a cutaneous ulcer on her left ankle during MTX and prednisone RA therapy. Initially diagnosed as a venous stasis ulcer, the aspirate of the injury revealed the presence of Leishmania DNA. A 73-year-old woman presenting non-ulcerated, infiltrated and painful erythematous nodules inside her nostrils while receiving MTX, anti-TNF mAb, and prednisone for RA, had also the aspirate of injuries showing the presence of Leishmania DNA. Both patients healed after the therapy with liposomal amphotericin. The RA therapy has changed to low-dose prednisone, without further reactivation episodes. Both cases suggest that CL or ML can reactivate after administration of an immunosuppressant for RA treatment. Therefore, immunosuppressive treatments for RA should be carefully prescribed in patients from endemic areas or with a history of CL and ML.

Em virtude da conveniência de tentar aprimorar o tratamento da toxoplasmose, de semelhanças taxonômicas e de informes contidos na literatura científica, foi considerado oportuno verificar se a artemisinina, medicamento eficiente no sentido de poder debelar a malária, é ativa na infecção experimental de camundongos pelo Toxoplasma gondii. Houve, então, administração de diferentes quantidades desse antiparasitário, inclusive após prévio contato in vitro com toxoplasmas e estimulação da produção de macrófagos, para observações diversificadas a propósito da intenção referida. Pelo menos de acordo com a metodologia usada, a artemisinina não se mostrou eficaz e sugestões para prosseguimento de avaliações acerca do assunto ficaram consignadas.

Because of taxonomic similarities to previous data found in the literature, and with the aim of improving treatment of toxoplasmosis, we considered it of interest to assay artemisinin, an effective anti-maiarial agent, for the treatment of experimental infection in mice by Toxoplasma gondii. Different amounts of the anti-parasitic agent were administered, including after previous contact in vitro with toxoplasma and stimulated macrophage production. With the methodology used artemisinin was not effective. Suggestions for further studies are made.

É proposto processo para a triagem da capacidade terapêutica de medicamentos na infecção experimental pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. O método tem base no emprego de triatomíneos parasitados que se alimentam, decorridos períodos diferentes para haver compatibilização com níveis sangüíneos, em camundongos aos quais foi administrado o fármaco sob apreciação; assim, o tubo digestivo do hemíptero participará como estrutura propícia à avaliação. Em observação inicial, ocorreu utilização do benzonidazol, que se mostrou apenas parcialmente ativo, pelo menos de acordo com a maneira de execução do novo procedimento.

We propose a screening process for detection of therapeutic activity of drugs against experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. It is based on the use of infected tryatominae that are fed on mice which have received the study drug. Blood meals are made at different time schedule in order to adapt with serum drug levels. The digestive tube of the hemyptera will, thus, work as a suitable structure for examination. In a initial observation, benzonidazole was used, and was shown to be only partially active at least in the conditions of this new procedure.

Para simplificar a criação de triatomíneos em laboratório, necessária, por exemplo, à execução do xenodiagnóstico e em estudos de caráter biológico, foi tentada alimentação "in vitro", mediante emprego de sangue, citratado ou desfibrinado, de galinhas abatidas em matadouro avícola. Para avaliação da eficácia desse propósito, observações de duas naturezas, com Triatoma infestans, tiveram lugar, através das seguintes medidas; a) análise do encadeamento de estádios ninfais sucessivos e da exeqüibilidade de satisfatórios acasalamentos, oviposição fértil e adequada reprodução; b) apreciação da infectividade e da viabilidade do Trypanosoma cruzi nos insetos. Como conclusão, ficou evidente que, a despeito da facilitação operacional, o intuito não conduziu ao êxito desejado, já que o procedimento clássico, usado como controle, mostrou-se sempre superior.

In order to simplify breeding of triatominae in the laboratory, for performing xenodiagnosis and other biologic studies, we tried to feed the insects "in vitro" with citrated or defibrinated blood from commercially abated chicken. Two types of efficacy observations were carried out with Triatoma infestans: a) analysis of the chaining of successive nymphal stages, viability of satisfactory matching, fertile oviposition and adequate reproduction; b) assessment of viability and infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi in the insects. As a conclusion, it became evidente that, despite operational easiness, the objectives were not achieved, since the classical procedure used as the control, was always superior.

Em Catolé do Rocha (Estado da Paraíba, Brasil) várias pessoas foram concomitantemente acometidas de doença de Chagas, em fase aguda. A propósito desse evento, houve cogitação de que o Trypanosoma cruzi foi veiculado pela via digestiva, através de ingestão de caldo de cana acidentalmente contaminado. Com o presente estudo, verificamos que o parasita permaneceu viável, durante quatro horas, no líquido em questão mantido em temperatura ambiente. Ao mesmo tempo, comprovamos que após uma hora ele pôde promover infecção em camundongo ao ser administrado por meio de sonda gástrica, renovando o interesse já demonstrado quanto a esse mecanismo alternativo de transmissão.

In Catolé do Rocha, State of Paraíba, Brasil several people were concomitantly contaminated by Chagas' disease and had the acute form of the infection. Because of this event, the hypothesis that Trypanosoma cruzi might have been transmitted by the digestive route, through the ingestion of accidentally contaminated sugar cane juice, was made. In the present study, we verified that the parasite has remained viable for four hours in the liquid, at room temperature. We have also demonstrated that, after one hour, it was capable of promoting infection in one mouse, by gastric tube administration. These observations enhance the interest on this alternative mechanism of disease transmission.